Preface                                            xi
Prologue                                           1  (12)
1 What Happens Inside Your Body?                   13 (26)
  1 Cell Structure                                 14 (4)
    What Are the Components of a Cell?             16 (2)
  2 What Happens Inside a Cell?                    18 (8)
    Protein Synthesis                              19 (1)
    Metabolism                                     20 (2)
    Energy Production                              22 (2)
    Photosynthesis                                 24 (2)
  3 A Cell Is the Location of Many Chemical        26 (10)
  Reactions
    Biochemistry of Protein Synthesis              27 (2)
    Biochemistry of Metabolism                     29 (1)
    Biochemistry of Energy Production              30 (2)
    Biochemistry of Photosynthesis                 32 (4)
  4 Fundamental Biochemistry Knowledge             36 (3)
    Carbon                                         36 (1)
    Chemical Bonds                                 36 (1)
    Biopolymers                                    36 (1)
    Enzymes                                        37 (1)
    Oxidation-Reduction                            37 (1)
    Respiration                                    37 (1)
    Metabolism                                     38 (1)
2 Photosynthesis and Respiration                   39 (48)
  1 Ecosystems and Cycles                          40 (8)
    Ecosystems and the Biogeochemical Cycle        40 (3)
    What Is the Biogeochemical Cycle?              43 (2)
    Carbon Cycle                                   45 (3)
  2 Let's Talk Photosynthesis                      48 (12)
    The Importance of Plants                       48 (1)
    Chloroplast Structure                          49 (1)
    Photosynthesis-The Photophosphorylation        50 (7)
    Reaction
    Photosynthesis-Carbon Dioxide Fixation         57 (3)
  3 Respiration                                    60 (22)
    What Is a Carbohydrate?                        60 (3)
    Saccharides and the "-ose" Suffix              63 (1)
    Why Do Monosaccharides Take a Cyclic           63 (1)
    Structure?
    Why Do We Need to Breathe?                     64 (2)
    Respiration Is a Reaction That Breaks Down     66 (2)
    Glucose to Create Energy
    Stage 1: Glucose Decomposition by Glycolysis   68 (3)
    Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle (aka TCA Cycle)     71 (3)
    Stage 3: Mass Production of Energy by the      74 (5)
    Electron Transport Chain
    Conclusion                                     79 (3)
  4 ATP-The Common Currency of Energy              82 (1)
  5 Types of Monosaccharides                       83 (2)
    Aldoses and Ketoses                            83 (1)
    Pyranose and Furanose                          83 (1)
    D-form and L-form                              84 (1)
  6 What Is CoA?                                   85 (2)
3 Biochemistry In Our Everday Lives                87 (62)
  1 Lipids and Cholesterol                         88 (18)
    What Are Lipids"'                              88 (7)
    Fatty Acids                                    95 (2)
    Cholesterol Is a Type of Steroid               97 (1)
    Cholesterol's Job                              98 (2)
    Lipoproteins: Beyond Good and Evil             100(3)
    What is Arteriosclerosis?                      103(2)
    Mystery 1: Is Cholesterol Really Bad?          105(1)
  2 Biochemistry of Obesity-Why Is Fat Stored?     106(18)
    Ingested and Expended Energy                   106(2)
    Animals Preserve Fat                           108(3)
    Excess Saccharides Become Fat!                 111(7)
    When Fat Is Used as an Energy Source           118(5)
    Mystery 2: Why Do You Gain Weight If You       123(1)
    Overeat?
  3 What Is Blood Type?                            124(6)
    Blood Type                                     124(1)
    How Is Blood Type Determined?                  125(4)
    Mystery 3: What Is Blood Type?                 129(1)
  4 Why Does Fruit Get Sweeter as It Ripens?       130(6)
    What Types of Sugar Are in Fruit?              130(1)
    Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and         131(2)
    Polysaccharides
    How Fruits Become Sweet                        133(2)
    Mystery 4: Why Does Fruit Become Sweet?        135(1)
  5 Why Are Mochi Rice Cakes Springy?              136(13)
    Differences Between Normal Rice and Mochi      136(2)
    Rice
    The Difference Between Amylase and             138(2)
    Amylopectin
    What Do the Numbers Mean in α(1-*4)      140(5)
    and α(1-*6)?
    Mystery 5: Why Are Mochi Rice Cakes Springy?   145(4)
4 Enzymes Are The Keys To Chemical Reactions       149(50)
  1 Enzymes and Proteins                           150(12)
    The Roles of Proteins                          151(2)
    What Is an Enzyme?                             153(1)
    Proteins Are Formed from Amino Acids           154(4)
    Primary Structure of a Protein                 158(1)
    Secondary Structure of a Protein               159(1)
    Tertiary Structure of a Protein                160(1)
    Quaternary Structure of a Protein and          161(1)
    Subunits
  2 An Enzyme's Job                                162(12)
    Substrates and Enzymes                         162(2)
    Strict Enzyme? Relaxed Enzyme?                 164(2)
    Enzyme Classifications                         166(2)
    Transferases                                   168(1)
    Glucosyltransferase Determines Blood Type      169(3)
    Hydrolases                                     172(2)
  3 Using Graphs to Understand Enzymes             174(19)
    Why Are Enzymes Important for Chemical         175(1)
    Reactions?
    What Is Activation Energy?                     176(1)
    Enzymes Bring Down the "Wall"                  177(1)
    Maximum Reaction Rate                          178(2)
    The Michaelis-Menten Equation and the          180(2)
    Michaelis Constant
    Let's Calculate Vmax and Km!                   182(4)
    Why Do We Take Reciprocals?                    186(7)
  4 Enzymes and Inhibitors                         193(6)
    Allosteric Enzymes                             196(3)
5 Molecular Biology And The Biochemistry Of        199(40)
Nucleic Acids
  1 What Is Nucleic Acid?                          202(16)
    Nucleic Acid Basics                            202(2)
    The Discovery of Nuclein                       204(1)
    Nucleic Acid and Nucleotides                   205(4)
    Base Complementarity and DNA Structure         209(3)
    DNA Replication and the Enzyme DNA             212(2)
    Polymerase
    RNA Structure                                  214(4)
  2 Nucleic Acid and Genes                         218(10)
    DNA Is the Language of Genes                   218(2)
    RNA Has Several Jobs                           220(2)
    nnRNA                                          222(1)
    rRNA and tRNA                                  223(3)
    Ribozymes                                      226(2)
  3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology             228(4)
    The Dirty Job of a Biochemist                  228(1)
    Early Biochemistry and Molecular Biology       229(1)
    Development of Recombinant DNA Techniques      229(1)
    Returning to Biochemistry                      230(1)
    The Origin of the Cell                         231(1)
  4 Conducting Biochemistry Experiments            232(7)
    Column Chromatography                          232(1)
    Electrophoresis and a Western Blot             233(1)
    Lectin Blotting                                234(1)
    Centrifugation                                 235(1)
    Enzyme Reaction Measurement                    236(3)
Epilogue                                           239(10)
Index                                              249