Introduction                                       v
Acknowledgements                                   vi
  Part 1: AS Level
    Cell structure                                 2  (19)
      Why cells?                                   3  (1)
      Cell biology and microscopy                  3  (1)
      Animal and plant cells have features in      4  (1)
      common
      Differences between animal and plant cells   4  (1)
      Units of measurement in cell studies         5  (3)
      Electron microscopes                         8  (4)
      Ultrastructure of an animal cell             12 (1)
      Structure and functions of organelles        12 (3)
      Ultrastructure of a plant cell               15 (2)
      Two fundamentally different types of cell    17 (1)
      Tissues and organs                           18 (3)
    Biological molecules                           21 (20)
      The building blocks of life                  22 (1)
      Polymers and macromolecules                  22 (1)
      Carbohydrates                                23 (5)
      Lipids                                       28 (2)
      Proteins                                     30 (7)
      Water                                        37 (2)
      Inorganic ions                               39 (2)
    Enzymes                                        41 (9)
      Enzymes reduce activation energy             42 (1)
      The course of a reaction                     43 (2)
      Measuring reaction rate                      45 (2)
      Enzyme inhibitors                            47 (3)
    Cell membranes and transport                   50 (14)
      Phospholipids                                50 (1)
      Structure of membranes                       51 (2)
      Transport across the plasma membrane         53 (7)
      Exchange surfaces                            60 (4)
    Genetic control of protein structure and       64 (12)
    function
      The structure of DNA and RNA                 64 (2)
      DNA replication                              66 (4)
      DNA, RNA and protein synthesis               70 (6)
    Nuclear division                               76 (13)
      The nucleus contains chromosomes             76 (2)
      The structure of chromosomes                 78 (2)
      Two types of nuclear division                80 (1)
      Mitosis in an animal cell                    80 (5)
      Cancer                                       85 (4)
    Energy and ecosystems                          89 (9)
      Energy flow through organisms and            90 (3)
      ecosystems
      Matter recycling in ecosystems               93 (5)
    The mammalian transport system                 98 (18)
      The cardiovascular system                    99 (5)
      Blood plasma and tissue fluid                104(1)
      Lymph                                        105(2)
      Blood                                        107(1)
      Haemoglobin                                  108(3)
      Fetal haemoglobin                            111(1)
      Myoglobin                                    112(1)
      Problems with oxygen transport               113(3)
    The mammalian heart                            116(8)
      The cardiac cycle                            118(2)
      Control of the heart beat                    120(4)
    Transport in multicellular plants              124(18)
      The transport of water                       125(9)
      Translocation                                134(6)
      Differences between sieve elements and       140(2)
      xylem vessels
    Gaseous exchange                               142(8)
      The gaseous exchange system                  142(3)
      Breathing rate and heart rate                145(5)
    Smoking and disease                            150(15)
      Tobacco smoke                                150(1)
      Lung disease                                 151(3)
      Proving the links between smoking and        154(2)
      lung disease
      Cardiovascular diseases                      156(9)
    Infectious diseases                            165(31)
      Worldwide importance of infectious           165(1)
      diseases
      Cholera                                      166(1)
      Malaria                                      167(4)
      Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)    171(3)
      Tuberculosis (TB)                            174(3)
      Antibiotics                                  177(3)
      Immunity                                     180(1)
      Defence against disease                      180(1)
      Cells of the immune system                   181(7)
      Active and passive immunity                  188(4)
      Measles                                      192(4)
  Part 2: A Level
    Energy and respiration                         196(15)
      The need for energy in living organisms      196(1)
      Work                                         197(1)
      ATP                                          198(2)
      Respiration                                  200(6)
      Mitochondrial structure and function         206(1)
      Anaerobic respiration                        207(1)
      Respiratory substrates                       207(4)
    Photosynthesis                                 211(10)
      An energy transfer process                   211(1)
      Trapping light energy                        212(1)
      The light-dependent reactions of             213(2)
      photosynthesis
      The light-independent reactions of           215(1)
      photosynthesis
      Leaf structure and function                  216(2)
      Chloroplast structure and function           218(1)
      Factors necessary for photosynthesis         219(2)
    Meiosis, genetics and gene control             221(23)
      Meiosis                                      222(1)
      Genetics                                     222(4)
      Genotype affects phenotype                   226(1)
      Inheriting genes                             226(3)
      Multiple alleles                             229(1)
      Sex inheritance                              229(1)
      Sex linkage                                  230(1)
      Dihybrid crosses                             231(2)
      The X2 (chi-squared) test                    233(2)
      Mutations                                    235(2)
      Environment and phenotype                    237(1)
      Gene technology                              237(2)
      Benefits and hazards of genetic              239(3)
      engineering
      Ethical implications of genetic              242(2)
      engineering
    Selection and evolution                        244(13)
      Variation                                    244(1)
      Overproduction                               245(1)
      Natural selection                            246(1)
      Evolution                                    247(5)
      Artificial selection                         252(1)
      The Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution by    253(1)
      natural selection
      Species and speciation                       253(4)
    Control, coordination and homeostasis          257(38)
      Homeostasis                                  258(1)
      Excretion                                    259(1)
      The structure of the kidney                  259(8)
      Control of water content                     267(3)
      Hormonal communication                       270(6)
      Nervous communication                        276(13)
      Plant growth regulators                      289(6)
    Biodiversity and conservation                  295(8)
      The five Kingdom classification              295(3)
      Maintaining biodiversity                     298(5)
    Gene technology                                303(11)
      Gene technology                              303(5)
      Cystic fibrosis                              308(2)
      Genetic counselling                          310(1)
      Genetic screening                            311(3)
    Biotechnology                                  314(12)
      Mining with microorganisms                   315(1)
      Large-scale prodution techniques             316(4)
      Immobilising enzymes                         320(2)
      Monoclonal antibodies                        322(4)
    Crop plants                                    326(15)
      Cereal crops                                 326(2)
      Maize                                        328(3)
      C4 plants                                    331(2)
      Adaptations for difficult environments       333(2)
      Crop improvement                             335(6)
    Aspects of human reproduction                  341(13)
      Gametogenesis                                343(3)
      Human menstrual cycle                        346(3)
      Infertility                                  349(5)
Appendix 1 Amino acid R groups                     354(1)
Appendix 2 DNA triplet code                        355(1)
Appendix 3 statistics                              356(6)
Answers to self-assessment questions               362(22)
Past examination questions and answers             384(15)
Glossary                                           399(14)
Index                                              413