List of Figures                                    xi
List of Tables                                     xii
List of Examples                                   xiii
Preface to Second Edition                          xiv
Preface to First Edition                           xv
  1 Introduction                                   1   (13)
    1.1 Background                                 2   (1)
    1.2 Some Simplifying Devices                   3   (2)
    1.3 Research Methods Training                  5   (1)
    1.4 Essentials and Logic                       6   (2)
    1.5 Science, the Social Sciences and Social    8   (1)
    Research
    1.6 Organization of the Book                   9   (2)
    1.7 Suggestions for Further Reading            11  (1)
    1.8 The Use of Examples                        11  (1)
    1.9 Review Concepts                            12  (1)
    Notes                                          12  (2)
  2 Some Central Issues                            14  (18)
    2.1 Description versus Explanation             14  (5)
    2.2 Question-Method Connections                19  (3)
    2.3 Prespecified versus Unfolding:             22  (5)
    Structure in Research Questions, Design and
    Data
    2.4 Some Important Terms                       27  (3)
    2.5 Review Concepts                            30  (1)
    Notes                                          30  (1)
    Further Reading                                31  (1)
  3 Research Questions                             32  (12)
    3.1 General and Specific Research Questions    33  (2)
    3.2 Developing Research Questions              35  (1)
    3.3 The Role of Research Questions             36  (1)
    3.4 Hypotheses                                 37  (2)
    3.5 A Simplified Model of Research             39  (2)
    3.6 The Role of the Literature                 41  (1)
    3.7 Review Concepts                            42  (1)
    Notes                                          43  (1)
    Further Reading                                43  (1)
  4 From Research Questions to Data                44  (18)
    4.1 The Empirical Criterion                    44  (1)
    4.2 Linking Concepts and Data                  45  (1)
    4.3 Good and Bad Research Questions            46  (1)
    4.4 Value Judgments                            47  (1)
    4.5 Causation                                  48  (5)
    4.6 Conceptual Frameworks                      53  (1)
    4.7 From Research Questions to Data            54  (4)
      4.7.1 Quantitative data                      55  (1)
      4.7.2 Qualitative data                       56  (2)
    4.8 Combining Quantitative and Qualitative     58  (1)
    Data
    4.9 Review Concepts                            59  (1)
    Notes                                          59  (1)
    Further Reading                                60  (2)
  5 Quantitative Research Design                   62  (23)
    5.1  What is Research Design?                  62  (3)
    5.2  Some Background                           65  (2)
    5.3  Independent, Dependent and Control        67  (1)
    Variables
    5.4  The Experiment                            68  (3)
    5.5  Quasi-Experimental and                    71  (4)
    Non-Experimental Design
    5.6  Relationships between Variables: the      75  (2)
    Correlational Survey
    5.7  Relationships between Variables:          77  (1)
    Causation and Accounting for Variance
    5.8  Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) as a     78  (2)
    General Design Strategy
    5.9  Controlling Variables                     80  (2)
    5.10 Review Concepts                           82  (1)
    Notes                                          83  (1)
    Further Reading                                83  (2)
  6 Collecting Quantitative Data                   85  (23)
    6.1  Types of Variables                        85  (2)
    6.2  The Process of Measurement                87  (3)
    6.3  Latent Traits                             90  (1)
    6.4  Measuring Techniques                      91  (1)
    6.5  Steps in Constructing a Measuring         92  (1)
    Instrument
    6.6  To Construct an Instrument or to Use      93  (1)
    an Existing Instrument?
    6.7  Locating Existing Measuring Instruments   94  (1)
    6.8  Reliability and Validity                  95  (4)
      6.8.1 Reliability                            95  (2)
      6.8.2 Validity                               97  (2)
    6.9  Developing a Survey Questionnaire         99  (1)
    6.10 Collecting the Data: Administering the    100 (1)
    Measuring Instrument
    6.11 Sampling                                  101 (2)
    6.12 Secondary Analysis                        103 (1)
    6.13 Review Concepts                           104 (1)
    Notes                                          105 (1)
    Further Reading                                106 (2)
  7 The Analysis of Quantitative Data              108 (25)
    7.1 Summarizing Quantitative Data              109 (3)
      7.1.1 Central tendency: the mean             110 (1)
      7.1.2 Variation: standard deviation and      110 (1)
      variance
      7.1.3 Frequency distributions                111 (1)
    7.2 Relationships between Variables:           112 (1)
    Cross-Tabulations and Contingency Tables
    7.3 Comparisons between Groups: the            113 (5)
    Analysis of Variance
      7.3.1 Analysis of variance                   113 (2)
      7.3.2 Interaction                            115 (2)
      7.3.3 Analysis of covariance                 117 (1)
      7.3.4 From univariate to multivariate        117 (1)
    7.4 Relationships between Variables:           118 (6)
    Correlation and Regression
      7.4.1 Simple correlation                     118 (2)
      7.4.2 Multiple correlation and regression    120 (1)
      7.4.3 Squared multiple correlation           121 (1)
      coefficient
      7.4.4 Regression weights                     121 (1)
      7.4.5 Stepwise regression                    121 (1)
      7.4.6 Review: MLR as a general data          122 (2)
      analysis system
      7.4.7 Analysis of covariance using MLR       124 (1)
    7.5 The Analysis of Survey Data                124 (1)
    7.6 Data Reduction: Factor Analysis            125 (2)
    7.7 Statistical Inference                      127 (3)
    7.8 Computer Software for the Analysis of      130 (1)
    Quantitative Data
    7.9 Review Concepts                            130 (1)
    Notes                                          131 (1)
    Further Reading                                132 (1)
  8 Design in Qualitative Research                 133 (35)
    8.1 Overview                                   134 (8)
      8.1.1 Diversity in qualitative research      134 (2)
      8.1.2 Feminism                               136 (2)
      8.1.3 Postmodernism                          138 (2)
      8.1.4 Common themes within the diversity     140 (2)
    8.2 Design in Qualitative Research             142 (1)
    8.3 Case Studies                               142 (8)
      8.3.1 The general idea                       144 (1)
      8.3.2 Four characteristics of case studies   145 (1)
      8.3.3 Case studies and generalizability      145 (3)
      8.3.4 Preparing a case study                 148 (2)
    8.4 Ethnography                                150 (4)
      8.4.1 Introduction                           150 (2)
      8.4.2 Some main characteristics              152 (1)
      8.4.3 General comments                       153 (1)
    8.5 Grounded Theory                            154 (6)
      8.5.1 What is grounded theory?               155 (1)
      8.5.2 A short history of grounded theory     156 (1)
      8.5.3 Theory generation versus theory        157 (1)
      verification
      8.5.4 Data-collection/data-analysis          158 (1)
      relationships: theoretical sampling
      8.5.5 The use of the literature in           159 (1)
      grounded theory
      8.5.6 The place of grounded theory           159 (1)
      research
    8.6 Action Research                            160 (3)
    8.7 Review Concepts                            163 (1)
    Notes                                          164 (1)
    Further Reading                                165 (3)
  9 Collecting Qualitative Data                    168 (25)
    9.1 The Interview                              168 (10)
      9.1.1 Types of interviews                    169 (3)
      9.1.2 Feminist perspectives on               172 (2)
      interviewing
      9.1.3 Practical aspects of interviewing      174 (2)
      9.1.4 The analytic status of interview       176 (2)
      data: the role of language
    9.2 Observation                                178 (4)
      9.2.1 Structured and unstructured            179 (1)
      approaches to observation
      9.2.2 Practical issues in observation        180 (2)
    9.3 Participant Observation                    182 (2)
    9.4 Documentary Data                           184 (2)
    9.5 Data Collection Procedures                 186 (1)
    9.6 Sampling in Qualitative Research           187 (2)
    9.7 Review Concepts                            189 (1)
    Notes                                          190 (1)
    Further Reading                                190 (3)
10 The Analysis of Qualitative Data                193 (41)
    10.1 Diversity in Qualitative Analysis         194 (2)
    10.2 Analytic Induction                        196 (1)
    10.3 The Miles and Huberman Framework for      197 (5)
    Qualitative Data Analysis
      10.3.1 Coding                                199 (2)
      10.3.2 Memoing                               201 (1)
    10.4 Abstracting and Comparing                 202 (2)
    10.5 Grounded Theory Analysis                  204 (12)
      10.5.1 Overview                              205 (1)
      10.5.2 Open coding                           205 (4)
      10.5.3 Axial (or theoretical) coding         209 (2)
      10.5.4 Selective coding                      211 (1)
      10.5.5 Key concepts of grounded theory       212 (4)
      analysis
    10.6 Other Approaches in Qualitative           216 (12)
    Analysis
      10.6.1 Narratives and meaning                216 (3)
      10.6.2 Ethnomethodology and conversation     219 (2)
      analysis
      10.6.3 Discourse analysis                    221 (4)
      10.6.4 Semiotics                             225 (1)
      10.6.5 Documentary and textual analysis      226 (2)
    10.7 Computers in the Analysis of              228 (1)
    Qualitative Data
    10.8 Review Concepts                           229 (1)
    Notes                                          230 (1)
    Further Reading                                231 (3)
11 Mixed Methods and Evaluative Criteria           234 (25)
    11.1 Combining Quantitative and Qualitative    234 (11)
    Approaches
      11.1.1 Similarities in the two approaches    234 (2)
      11.1.2 Basic characteristics of the two      236 (3)
      approaches
      11.1.3 Quantitative or qualitative?          239 (1)
      11.1.4 Quantitative and qualitative          240 (5)
    11.2 General Evaluative Criteria               245 (11)
      11.2.1 Disciplined inquiry                   245 (2)
      11.2.2 The fit between the component         247 (1)
      parts of a research project
      11.2.3 Criteria for evaluation               247 (9)
    11.3 Review Concepts                           256 (1)
    Notes                                          257 (1)
    Further Reading                                258 (1)
12 Research Writing                                259 (22)
    12.1 Background                                260 (2)
      12.1.1 The quantitative tradition            260 (1)
      12.1.2 Qualitative research writing          260 (1)
      12.1.3 The analytical mix                    261 (1)
    12.2 Research Documents                        262 (12)
      12.2.1 Proposals                             262 (6)
      12.2.2 Qualitative proposals                 268 (2)
      12.2.3 Examples of proposals                 270 (1)
      12.2.4 Abstracts and titles                  271 (1)
      12.2.5 Dissertations (and projects)          271 (3)
    12.3 Writing to Report versus Writing to       274 (1)
    Learn: Writing as Analysis
    12.4 Writing Choices                           275 (1)
    12.5 Ethical Issues                            276 (2)
    12.6 Review Concepts                           278 (1)
    Notes                                          278 (1)
    Further Reading                                279 (2)
Appendix 1: Computer Software in Quantitative      281 (5)
and Qualitative Analysis
Appendix 2: Drawing and Verifying Conclusions      286 (3)
in Qualitative Analysis
Glossary                                           289 (7)
References                                         296 (13)
Index                                              309