Preface                                            1  (4)
    Introduction                                   5  (17)
      A new language for a new nation              5  (2)
      A brief history of the language              7  (2)
      The standardisation and spread of            9  (2)
      Indonesian
      Malay outside Indonesia                      11 (3)
      On the name of the language                  14 (1)
      Fallacies and misconceptions                 14 (4)
      The teaching of Indonesian as a foreign      18 (2)
      language
      Structure of the book                        20 (2)
    Malay and the Austronesian Language Family     22 (11)
      The Austronesian languages                   22 (3)
      Proto-Austronesian and its descendants       25 (6)
      The Malayic languages                        31 (2)
    Old Malay                                      33 (19)
      The beginning of Indian influence            33 (2)
      The Malays and the growth of trade           35 (1)
      Srivijaya                                    36 (4)
      Srivijaya's power and the spread of Malay    40 (3)
      The decline of Srivijaya                     43 (2)
      Borrowing from Sanskrit                      45 (7)
    The Classical Malay Period                     52 (27)
      The coming of Islam                          52 (5)
      Malacca and its influence                    57 (2)
      Malay in the east                            59 (3)
      The earliest Malay letters                   62 (3)
      Malay literature                             65 (6)
      Munshi Abdullah                              71 (1)
      External influences                          72 (7)
    European Influences Before the 20th Century    79 (14)
      The Portuguese                               79 (3)
      The Dutch and their use of Malay             82 (4)
      1824: The dividing of the Malay world        86 (1)
      Moves towards standardisation                87 (2)
      Newspapers and their influence               89 (2)
      The influence of van Ophuijsen               91 (2)
    The 20th Century to 1945                       93 (21)
      The situation at the beginning of the        93 (2)
      century
      Balai Pustaka                                95 (2)
      Other influences and the emergence of        97 (2)
      General Cultivated Malay
      The nationalists                             99 (2)
      The Second Indonesian Youth Congress and     101(2)
      the Sumpah Pemuda
      Why Malay?                                   103(3)
      Alisjahbana and Pujangga Baru                106(2)
      The First Indonesian National Language       108(1)
      Congress
      Dutch reaction and the position of           109(2)
      Indonesian in 1941
      The Japanese period                          111(3)
    Language Planning                              114(30)
      The early days of planning                   114(5)
      Components of planning                       119(2)
      Diglossia and the language situation in      121(4)
      Indonesia
      Conservatives vs progressives                125(2)
      Spelling reform                              127(1)
      The Pusat Bahasa                             128(2)
      Alisjahbana vs Moeliono                      130(2)
      Cultivation and dissemination                132(5)
      Language problems in the education system    137(2)
      Bahasa pejabat                               139(1)
      Elite language and alienation                140(2)
      The advice industry                          142(2)
    Beyond Planning: Other Influences on the       144(29)
    Language
      The influence of Sukarno                     144(1)
      Acronyms and other abbreviations             145(4)
      The mass media                               149(3)
      Borrowing from other languages               152(1)
      Jakarta Malay and informal Jakartan          153(3)
      Indonesian
      The influence of Javanese                    156(4)
      The influence of Dutch                       160(7)
      The influence of Sanskrit on the modern      167(6)
      language
    The Influence of English                       173(23)
      The status language                          173(4)
      The role of the mass media in                177(3)
      disseminating English
      Areas of borrowing                           180(3)
      The assimilation of borrowings               183(2)
      Excessive borrowing from English             185(3)
      Affixes                                      188(3)
      Loan translations                            191(1)
      Grammatical innovations                      192(2)
      Reaction to English influence                194(2)
    Regional Languages and the Spread of           196(22)
    Indonesian
      The languages of Indonesia                   196(3)
      Knowledge of Indonesian                      199(4)
      Lingua francas and language shift            203(2)
      The spread of Indonesian                     205(2)
      Efforts to maintain regional languages       207(3)
      The position of Javanese                     210(2)
      The present state of Indonesian              212(1)
      The future of Indonesian                     213(5)
Endnotes                                           218(9)
References                                         227(9)
Index                                              236