List of figures                                    ix
Foreword                                           xi
Introduction                                       1
  1 A brief history of music publishing and        3
  copyright law
    A brief history of copyright                   3
    The Berne Convention                           4
    Music publishers and sheet music               5
    The nature of copyright                        5
    Copyright law                                  6
    Writer share and publisher share               7
    Inherent rights of "copyright"                 8
    Obtaining and enforcing copyright              12
    Copyright registration                         12
    Copyright notice                               22
    Duration of copyright                          23
  2 Sources of income, royalties, and licenses     25
    Sources of income                              25
    Performing rights: music played on radio,      26
    television, and in public establishments
    Synchronization rights: music embedded in      27
    film or television productions
    Mechanical rights: royalties generated from    27
    record sales and downloads
    Licenses, assignments, and transfers of        28
    rights
    Mechanical license fees and the Harry Fox      29
    Agency
    Controlled-composition clause                  30
  3 Performing rights                              33
    The performing right                           33
    Performing Rights Organizations                33
    Title Registrations: the roadmap to            36
    performance royalties
    Song performances, identification, and         37
    music surveys
    Cue sheets                                     40
    Income from radio play                         42
    Income from television                         43
    Performing rights and live performances        43
    Songwriters and the Performing Rights          44
    Organizations
    Choosing a Performing Rights Organization      46
    Accessing Performing Rights Organizations      47
  4 Publishing companies                           51
    Functions of music publishing companies        52
    Getting songs recorded                         53
    Other publisher functions and interactions     55
    Holds                                          57
    Collaborations                                 58
    Who do publishers sign?                        62
    The nature and role of demos                   63
    Cross-collateralization of income              65
    Publishing administration                      65
    Songsharks: caveat emptor                      66
  5 Publishing deals                               69
    Publishing contracts                           69
    Publishing contract deal points                72
    Evaluating a publisher                         76
  6 Independent songwriters                        81
    Demo strategies for the singer-songwriter      81
    Home studios vs. commercial studios            82
    Keeping track of your business                 82
    Getting songs recorded: pitching and           83
    shopping
    Building a singer-songwriter-performer         86
    career
    Live performance, promotion, and exposure      88
    Where you live                                 91
  7 Music in film and television                   93
    Film and television music                      93
    "Front-end" fees/"back-end" fees               94
    Music supervisors                              98
    Music casting                                  98
    Instrumental music                             103
    Soundtrack albums                              103
    Trailers                                       104
    Work-for-hire agreements                       105
  8 Music in advertising and Production Music      107
  Libraries
    Advertising music                              107
    Licensing songs for commercials                108
    Production Music Libraries                     109
  9 Classical music, Broadway, print music, and    113
  educational music
    Classical music                                113
    Commissions for composers                      113
    Broadway and Grand Rights                      114
    The nature of print music                      117
    The market for educational music               188
    School band and choral music                   121
10 Foreign publishing revenue, rights, and deals   123
    Foreign Sub-Publishing Deals                   123
    Functions of sub-publishers                    124
    Exploitation                                   125
    Administration                                 126
    Foreign collections                            127
    Foreign mechanical royalties                   127
11 New media, technology, and copyright            129
    Technology overview                            129
    Recording technology                           130
    New media and the Internet                     130
    File sharing                                   134
    Evolving entertainment industry models         135
    Copyright in the twenty-first century          144
12 Legal issues and artist representation          147
    Limits and exceptions to copyright             147
    Public Domain                                  147
    Fair Use                                       148
    Fairness in Music Licensing Act                151
    The First-Sale Doctrine                        151
    Copyright infringement                         152
    Representatives: managers, lawyers             153
    Contract clauses                               160
13 Music organizations and resources               165
    Making use of songwriter organizations         165
    Songwriting contests                           173
    Songpluggers                                   174
    Unions                                         175
    Arts organizations                             176
    Special material                               177
    Books                                          178
    Periodicals and reference materials            179
    The last word                                  179
Bibliography                                       181
Index                                              183