Preface                                            xix
Foreword                                           xxvii
  Music Around the World                           1    (22)
    Introduction to the Study of Music             2    (2)
    Music as a Reflection of Society               4    (10)
      The United States: A Test Case               5    (2)
      World Music: View from a Satellite           7    (1)
      What to Listen for in Music Around the       8    (1)
      World
      Attitude Toward Music of the Past            9    (1)
      Texture                                      9    (1)
      Melody                                       9    (1)
      Rhythm                                       10   (1)
      Tone Color: Voices and Instruments           10   (2)
      Musical Context                              12   (1)
      Attitudes Toward the Participation of        13   (1)
      Women
      Time                                         13   (1)
    Listening to Music from Around the World       14   (1)
    Japanese Shakuhachi Music                      14   (2)
    Listening Sketch for Shakuhachi Music:         16   (2)
    Koku-Reibo (A Bell Ringing in the Empty Sky)
      Gamelan Music from the Indonesian Island     17   (1)
      of Java
    Listening Sketch for Javanese Gamelan          18   (3)
    Music: Gangsaran - Bima Kurda - Gangsaran
      African Drumming and Mbira Music             19   (2)
    Listening Sketch for Mbira Music:              21   (2)
    Mandarendare (A Place Full of Energy)
      Conclusion                                   22   (1)
  Fundamentals                                     23   (37)
    The Elements of Music                          24   (18)
      Sound and Texture                            24   (2)
      Pitch                                        26   (1)
      Notation                                     26   (3)
      Intervals                                    29   (1)
      Consonance and Dissonance                    29   (1)
      Melody                                       30   (2)
      Harmony                                      32   (1)
      Key and Tonality                             33   (1)
      Scales                                       34   (2)
      Key Signatures                               36   (1)
      Chords                                       37   (1)
      Cadences                                     37   (1)
      Rhythm                                       38   (1)
      Beat                                         38   (1)
      Measure & Meter                              39   (2)
      Tempo                                        41   (1)
      Dynamics                                     41   (1)
    Musical Form                                   42   (1)
    Making Music: Voices                           43   (1)
    Making Music: Instruments                      44   (1)
    The Orchestra                                  45   (10)
      Strings                                      45   (3)
      Woodwinds                                    48   (2)
      Brass                                        50   (1)
      Percussion                                   51   (1)
      Keyboard Instruments                         52   (3)
    Rehearsals                                     55   (1)
    Emotion in Music                               56   (1)
    Performances                                   57   (1)
    Historical Periods and Individual Style        58   (2)
  The Art of Listening                             60   (15)
      Sound, Rhythm, and Texture                   61   (1)
    Paul Dukas, Fanfare from La Peri               62   (1)
      Music and Words, Key, Dissonance             63   (1)
    Franz Schubert, Song for voice and piano,      63   (3)
    Gretchen am Spinnrade (Gretchen at the
    Spinning Wheel)
      Form, Dynamics, Tempo, Meter, Cadences,      66   (1)
      and Key
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Minuet and Trio       66   (4)
    from Symphony No. 18 in F Major, K. 130
      Beats, Meter, Form and Tone Color            69   (1)
    Benny Harris, Crazeology                       70   (2)
      Texture, Chromaticism, and Word-Painting     72   (1)
    Maddalena Casulana, Madrigal, Morte, te        72   (2)
    chiamo (Death, I Call on You)
    Alastair Reid, ``A Lesson in Music''           74   (1)
  The Middle Ages: 400--1400                       75   (18)
    Box: Medieval Technology                       76   (1)
    General Characteristics of Medieval Music      77   (1)
    The Music of the Middle Ages                   77   (2)
      Part One: Plainchant                         77   (2)
    Kyrie (Plainchant)                             79   (2)
      Part Two: Secular Song and Polyphony         81   (1)
      Secular Song                                 81   (1)
      Polyphony                                    81   (1)
    Box: Performance of Medieval Music             81   (1)
    Beatriz de Dia, Song, A chantar                82   (4)
    Perotinus, Viderunt Omnes                      86   (2)
      Late Medieval Polyphonic Song                87   (1)
    Guillaume de Machaut, Secular song             88   (2)
    (rondeau), Doulz Viaire Gracieus
      The End of the Middle Ages                   89   (1)
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       90   (2)
    and Audiences: The Medieval Audience
    The Middle Ages                                92   (1)
  The Renaissance: 1400--1600                      93   (21)
    Life and Times in the Renaissance              94   (2)
    General Characteristics of Renaissance Music   96   (1)
    Music in the Early Renaissance                 97   (1)
      The Renaissance Mass                         97   (1)
    The Mid-Renaissance                            97   (1)
      Josquin Desprez (c. 1440-1521)               98   (1)
    Josquin's Pange Lingua Mass                    98   (1)
    Thomas Aquinas, Plainchant hymn, Pange         99   (1)
    Lingua
    Josquin Desprez, Kyrie from the Pange          100  (1)
    Lingua Mass
    The Late Renaissance                           101  (1)
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       102  (3)
    and Audiences: Patronage
      The Counter-Reformation and the Music of     103  (1)
      Palestrina
      The Renaissance Motet                        104  (1)
      The Renaissance Secular Song                 104  (1)
    Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Motet,       105  (2)
    Exsultate Deo
      The Madrigal                                 106  (1)
    Box: Musical Borrowing                         107  (1)
      The Rise of Instrumental Music               108  (1)
    Box: The Importance of Dancing                 108  (1)
    Thomas Morley, Two English Madrigals           109  (1)
    Giovanni Gabrieli, Canzona Duodecimi Toni      110  (1)
    Tielman Susato, Ronde and Saltarelle           111  (1)
    The Renaissance                                112  (2)
  The Baroque Era: 1600--1750                      114  (42)
    Life in the Baroque Era                        115  (2)
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       117  (1)
    and Audiences: Audiences in the Baroque Era
    General Characteristics of Baroque Music       118  (1)
    The Early Baroque (1600--1700)                 119  (2)
      Monteverdi and the First Great Opera         120  (1)
      The Story of the Opera                       120  (1)
      Opera in the Seventeenth Century             121  (1)
    Box: An Argument over the Future of Music      121  (1)
    Claudio Monteverdi, Excerpts from the Opera    122  (4)
    Orfeo
      Henry Purcell and English Opera              125  (1)
      Sonata and Concerto                          125  (1)
    Henry Purcell, Dido's Lament from the Opera    126  (3)
    Dido and Aeneas
      French Music                                 128  (1)
    Arcangelo Corelli, Trio Sonata, Op. 3, No.     129  (2)
    7, for two violins and basso continuo
    The Late Baroque (1700--1750)                  131  (4)
      Late Baroque Opera                           131  (1)
      The Late Baroque Concerto                    132  (1)
      Antonio Vivaldi (1678--1741)                 132  (2)
      Johann Sebastian Bach (1685--1750)           134  (1)
    Antonio Vivaldi, First Movement from Violin    135  (3)
    Concerto, Op. 8, No. 1, La Primavera
    (``Spring''), from The Four Seasons
    Box: Musical Imitations                        138  (1)
    Box: A Musical Offering                        139  (1)
      Bach's Music                                 139  (1)
      Bach's Organ Music                           139  (1)
    Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude and Fugue in    140  (2)
    E minor
      Bach's Keyboard, Instrumental, and           141  (1)
      Orchestral Music
      Bach's Vocal Church Music                    141  (1)
    Johann Sebastian Bach, First Movement from     142  (3)
    Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F Major
      George Frideric Handel (1685--1759)          144  (1)
    Johann Sebastian Bach, St. Mathew Passion      145  (4)
    (Excerpt)
      Handel's Music                               148  (1)
    George Frideric Handel, Giulio Cesare, Act     149  (1)
    III, Scene 4
    Box: Castratos                                 150  (2)
    George Frideric Handel, ``Halleluyah''         152  (2)
    Chorus from Messiah
    The Baroque Era                                154  (2)
  The Classic Era: 1750--1800                      156  (38)
    From Absolutism to Enlightenment to            157  (4)
    Revolution
      The Musical Public                           160  (1)
    General Characteristics of Classic Music       161  (2)
      Genres of Classic Music                      162  (1)
      Opera                                        162  (1)
    Giovanni Pergolesi, Opera, La Serva Padrona    163  (10)
    (Duet from Act I)
      Symphony                                     168  (1)
      Chamber Music                                168  (2)
      Convention in Classic Music                  170  (1)
      Forms of Classic Music                       170  (1)
      Sonata Form                                  170  (1)
      Aria Form                                    171  (1)
      Minuet-and-Trio Form                         171  (1)
      Rondo Form                                   172  (1)
      Summary                                      172  (1)
      The Early Classic Period                     173  (1)
    The Classic Masters                            173  (1)
      Franz Joseph Haydn (1732--1809)              173  (1)
    Box: Haydn's Contract                          174  (2)
      Haydn's Music                                176  (1)
    Franz Joseph Haydn, Minuet and Trio from       176  (2)
    Symphony No. 45 in F-sharp minor
    Franz Joseph Haydn, Fourth Movement from       178  (2)
    String Quartet, Op. 33, No. 2, in E-flat
    Major
      Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756--1791)         180  (1)
    Box: Leopold Mozart                            180  (1)
    Box: The Boy Genius                            181  (2)
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       183  (2)
    and Audiences: Composers and Patrons in the
    Classic Era
      Mozart's Music                               184  (1)
    Box: Musical Forgeries                         185  (1)
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Second Movement       186  (3)
    from Piano Concerto No. 21 In C Major, K.
    467
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, First Movement        189  (3)
    from Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550
    The Classic Era                                192  (2)
  Beethoven                                        194  (30)
    Beethoven's Life                               195  (2)
      Beethoven's Early Life                       196  (1)
      The Heroic Phase                             197  (1)
    Box: Beethoven's Personality                   197  (2)
      Personal Crisis and Halt to Productivity     198  (1)
      Late Years                                   198  (1)
    Beethoven's Music                              199  (1)
    Box: Beethoven's Work Habits                   199  (1)
    Box: Music Critics                             200  (1)
      Listening Examples                           201  (1)
    Ludwing van Beethoven, Six Easy Variations     201  (2)
    on a Swiss Tune in F Major for Piano, WoO 64
      Beethoven's Fifth Symphony                   203  (1)
    Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C      203  (14)
    minor
      Beethoven's Late Music                       217  (1)
    Box: Beethoven's Piano-Playing                 217  (1)
    Ludwig van Beethoven, Third Movement from      218  (4)
    Piano Sonata in E Major, Op. 109
    Beethoven                                      222  (2)
  The Nineteenth Century                           224  (100)
    The Age of Romanticism                         225  (10)
      The Industrial Revolution                    226  (1)
      Political, Intellectual, and Social          226  (3)
      Changes
      The New Artistic Spirit                      229  (3)
      Music for All                                232  (1)
      The New Sound                                233  (1)
      Dynamics                                     234  (1)
      Tempo and Expression                         234  (1)
    Box: The History of the Pianoforte,            235  (6)
    1700--1860
      Melody                                       236  (1)
      Harmony                                      236  (2)
      Form                                         238  (1)
      Program Music                                238  (1)
      Massive and Miniature                        238  (1)
      Favorite Romantic Genres                     239  (1)
      Favourite Romantic Instruments               239  (1)
      The Individual and the Crowd                 240  (1)
      Women in Nineteenth-Century Music            240  (1)
      Romantic Song                                240  (1)
    PART ONE: EARLY ROMANTICISM                    241  (2)
      Franz Schubert (1797-1828)                   241  (1)
      Schubert's Music                             242  (1)
    Franz Schubert, Song, Die Forelle (The         243  (2)
    Trout)
    Franz Schubert, Fourth Movement from           245  (4)
    Quintet in A Major, D. 667 (The Trout)
      Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)                   247  (1)
      Berlioz's Music                              248  (1)
    Hector Berlioz, First Movement from            249  (7)
    Symphonie fantastique (Fantastical Symphony)
      Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)                254  (1)
      Mendelssohn's Music                          255  (1)
    Felix Mendelssohn, First Movement from         256  (3)
    Concerto in E Minor for Violin and
    Orchestra, Op. 64
      Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel (1805-1847)         258  (1)
    Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Lied from Songs      259  (1)
    without Words, Op. 8, No. 3
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       260  (2)
    and Audiences
      Fryderyk Chopin (1810-1849)                  261  (1)
      Chopin's Music                               261  (1)
    Fryderyk Chopin, Prelude in E minor, Op.       262  (2)
    28, for Piano
    Fryderyk Chopin, Waltz in D-flat Major, Op.    264  (3)
    64, No. 1, for Piano Solo (Minute Waltz)
      Robert Schumann (1810-1856)                  265  (2)
      Schumann's Music                             267  (1)
    Robert Schumann, Traumerei (Dreaming), from    267  (2)
    Kinderszenen, Op. 15, for Piano
      Clara Schumann (1819-1896)                   268  (1)
    Box: Clara Schumann                            269  (1)
    Clara Schumann, Third Movement from Trio in    270  (2)
    G minor for Piano, Violin, and Cello
    PART TWO: MID-ROMANTICISM                      272  (4)
      Works for Solo Piano                         272  (1)
      Symphonic Program Music                      272  (1)
      Opera                                        272  (1)
      Nationalism                                  273  (1)
      Franz Liszt (1811-1886)                      273  (2)
      Liszt's Music                                275  (1)
    Box: Critical Views of Liszt                   276  (1)
    Franz Liszt, Transcendental Etude No. 10 in    277  (2)
    F minor
    Franz Liszt, Symphonic Poem, Hamlet            279  (5)
      Verdi and Wagner                             282  (1)
      Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)                   282  (1)
      Verdi's Music                                283  (1)
    Giuseppe Verdi, Otello (Excerpt)               284  (5)
      Richard Wagner (1813-1883)                   288  (1)
    Box: The Ring Cycle                            289  (1)
    Box: The Bayreuth Festival                     290  (2)
      Wagner's Music                               291  (1)
    Richard Wagner, Prelude and Liebestod from     292  (6)
    the Music Drama Tristan and Isolde
      The Nationalist Composers                    297  (1)
      Russia                                       297  (1)
      Bohemia                                      297  (1)
      Moravia                                      297  (1)
      Scandinavia                                  297  (1)
    Bedrich Smetana, Symphonic Poem, The Moldau    298  (3)
      Spain                                        300  (1)
      France                                       300  (1)
      Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)         300  (1)
      Tchaikovsky's Music                          301  (1)
    Box: Copyright                                 301  (1)
    Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, First Movement       302  (3)
    from Symphony No. 4 in F minor
    PART THREE: LATE ROMANTICISM                   305  (3)
      Johannes Brahms (1833--1897)                 305  (1)
      Brahms's Music                               306  (2)
    Johannes Brahms, Wiegenlied (Lullaby), Op.     308  (1)
    49, No. 4
    Johannes Brahms, Fourth Movement from          309  (6)
    Symphony No. 4 in E minor
      Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)                  314  (1)
      Puccini's Music                              314  (1)
    Giacomo Puccini, Un bel di (One Fine Day)      315  (2)
    from Madama Butterfly
    Gustav Mahler (1860-1911)                      317  (1)
    Box: Alma Mahler                               318  (2)
      Mahler's Music                               318  (2)
    Gustav Mahler, Fourth Movement, Urlicht        320  (2)
    (Primeval Light) from Symphony No. 2 in C
    minor (Resurrection)
    The Nineteenth Century                         322  (2)
  The Twentieth Century I: The Classical Scene     324  (86)
    An Overview                                    325  (3)
      History and the Arts, 1900--1939             325  (1)
      1939 to 2000                                 326  (2)
    General Characteristics of                     328  (3)
    Twentieth-Century Music
      The Replacement of Tonality                  328  (1)
      Melody                                       329  (1)
      Rhythm                                       329  (1)
      Length                                       330  (1)
      Tone Color and Sound                         330  (1)
      The Beginnings of Change                     331  (1)
    Impressionism and Symbolism                    331  (2)
      Claude Debussy (1862-1918)                   332  (1)
    Claude Debussy, Prelude a lapres-midi d'un     333  (3)
    faune
    Primitivism                                    336  (2)
      Igor Stravinsky (1882--1971)                 336  (2)
    Igor Stravinsky, Le Sacre du Printemps (The    338  (4)
    Rite of Spring), Opening Section
      Stravinsky and Neo-Classicism                341  (1)
      Stravinsky's Music                           341  (1)
    Igor Stravinsky, First Movement from           342  (3)
    Concerto in E-flat (Dumbarton Oaks) for
    Chamber Orchestra
    Expressionism                                  345  (3)
      Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)                346  (2)
    Box: Schoenberg and Atonality                  348  (2)
      Schoenberg's Music                           349  (1)
    Arnold Schoenberg, Madonna from Pierrot        350  (2)
    Lunaire
    Arnold Schoenberg, Theme and Sixth             352  (4)
    Variation from Variations for Orchestra,
    Op. 31
      Schoenberg's Students                        354  (1)
      Alban Berg (1885-1935)                       354  (1)
      Berg's Music                                 354  (1)
      Berg's Wozzeck                               355  (1)
      Wozzeck, Act III, Scene 3                    355  (1)
      Wozzeck, Act III, Scene 4                    355  (1)
    Alban Berg, Wozzeck, Act III, Scenes 3, 4,     356  (8)
    and 5
      Wozzeck, Act III, Scene 5                    363  (1)
      Anton Webern (1883--1945)                    363  (1)
      Webern's Music                               363  (1)
    Anton Webern, Third Movement from Five         364  (1)
    Movements for String Quarter, Op. 5
    Other Composers Active Before World War II:    365  (1)
    Bartok, Shostakovich, Britten, Ives, Copland
      Bela Bartok (1881-1945)                      365  (1)
      Bartok's Music                               366  (1)
    Bela Bartok, Fifth Movement (Allegro molto)    366  (4)
    from String Quartet No. 4
      Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975)              368  (1)
      Benjamin Britten (1913--1976)                369  (1)
    Benjamin Britten, Sanctus from War Requiem     370  (4)
      The American Scene                           372  (1)
      Charles Ives (1874-1954)                     373  (1)
    Charles Ives, Second Movement from Three       374  (3)
    Places in New England (``Putnam's Camp,
    Redding, Conn.'')
      Aaron Copland (1900-1990)                    375  (2)
    Aaron Copland, Fanfare for the Common Man      377  (1)
    Building Bridges                               378  (1)
      George Gershwin (1898-1937)                  378  (1)
    George Gershwin, ``Bess, You is my Woman       378  (4)
    Now'' from Porgy and Bess
      Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)                381  (1)
    Leonard Bernstein, ``Make Our Garden Grow''    382  (2)
    from Candide
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       384  (1)
    and Audiences: Audiences for Music in the
    Twentieth Century
    After the War: Modernism, The Second Stage     385  (1)
      Total Serialism                              385  (1)
    Box: Who Cares if you Listen?                  386  (1)
    Pierre Boulez, Structures I                    387  (2)
      The Radical Sixties: New Sounds, Freedom,    388  (1)
      and Chance
      New Sounds                                   389  (1)
    Krzysztof Penderecki, Threnody for the         389  (3)
    Victims of Hiroshima
      Freedom and Chance                           392  (1)
    Postmodernism                                  392  (2)
    Box: Classical Music Today                     394  (1)
      Postmodern Music                             394  (1)
    Lukas Foss, Third Movement                     395  (3)
    (Recitative---after Monteverdi) from
    Renaissance Concerto for Flute and Orchestra
      Fusion                                       397  (1)
    Box: The Kronos Quartet                        398  (1)
    Inclusion                                      399  (1)
    Pauline Oliveros, Sound Patterns               400  (1)
    Olly Wilson, Sometimes                         401  (1)
    Joan Tower, Wings                              402  (3)
    Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Third Movement           405  (2)
    (Rondo) from Symphony No. 1
    Conclusion                                     407  (1)
    The Twentieth Century                          408  (2)
  The Twentieth Century II: Jazz, An American      410  (24)
  Original
    The History of Jazz                            412  (1)
      Origins                                      412  (1)
      Band Music                                   412  (1)
      Ragtime                                      413  (1)
    Scott Joplin, Maple Leaf Rag, for piano solo   413  (3)
      The Blues                                    415  (1)
      Dixieland                                    415  (1)
    Bessie Smith, Florida-Bound Blues (Voice       416  (3)
    and Piano)
      Swing                                        418  (1)
    Louis Armstrong, Hotter Than That              419  (2)
    Duke Ellington, It Don't Mean a Thing (If      421  (3)
    It Ain't Got That Swing)
      Bebop                                        423  (1)
    The Charlie Parker Quartet, Confirmation       424  (4)
      Cool Jazz                                    426  (1)
      Free Jazz                                    426  (1)
      Fusion                                       427  (1)
    Box: Jazz and Classical                        428  (2)
      The Current Scene                            429  (1)
    Wynton Marsalis, Harriet Tubman                430  (2)
    Jazz                                           432  (2)
  The Twentieth Century III: Popular Music         434  (41)
    Styles of Popular Music                        435  (1)
    Beginnings: 1850-1950                          435  (1)
    Special Box Feature: Composers, Patrons,       436  (2)
    and Audiences: Patronage and
    Commercialization
    Box: Copyright and Royalties for Popular       438  (1)
    Music
    Frank Sinatra, Blue Moon                       439  (2)
    Box: Some of the Most Successful Popular       441  (1)
    Songs Before 1950
    The Fortunate Fifties                          441  (4)
      Rock and Roll: The Beginnings                442  (1)
      Elvis Presley                                443  (2)
    Elvis Presley, Blue Suede Shoes                445  (3)
      Rebellion                                    446  (1)
      Early Rock and Roll: Structure and Style     447  (1)
      Early Rock and Roll: Black and White         448  (1)
    The Turbulent Sixties                          448  (1)
    Box: John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address       449  (1)
    (Extracts)
    Box: Martin Luther King's ``I Have a           449  (4)
    Dream'' Speech (Extracts)
      The Beatles                                  450  (3)
    The Beatles, It Won't Be Long                  453  (1)
    The Beatles, Strawberry Fields Forever         454  (2)
      Bob Dylan                                    455  (1)
    Bob Dylan, Sad-eyed Lady of the Lowlands       456  (3)
      Jimi Hendrix                                 458  (1)
      Additional Notes to the Sixties              459  (1)
      Motown                                       459  (1)
    Box: The Stratocaster                          459  (3)
      Surfing Songs                                460  (1)
      Folk                                         460  (1)
      Country                                      461  (1)
      The British Blues Revival                    461  (1)
    The 1970s and 1980s: Variety, Legacy, and      462  (3)
    Change
    Michael Jackson, Billie Jean                   465  (1)
    Box: Censorship in Popular Music               465  (2)
    Madonna, Material Girl                         467  (2)
    The Nineties: Rap, Rage, and Reaction          469  (3)
    Popular Music                                  472  (3)
Glossary and Musical Example Locator               475  (5)
Credits                                            480  (4)
Index                                              484