Acknowledgements                                   xi
Teachers' introduction                             xiii
Students' introduction                             xv
Academic writing quiz                              xvii
    Part 1 The writing process                     1   (94)
      1.1 Background to writing                    3   (7)
        What is academic writing?                  3   (1)
        Common types of academic writing           4   (1)
        The structure of academic texts            4   (2)
        The format of academic writing             6   (1)
        Other common text features                 7   (1)
        Simple and complex sentences               7   (1)
        Writing in paragraphs                      8   (2)
      1.2 Critical reading                         10  (15)
        Academic texts                             10  (3)
        Types of text                              13  (1)
        Using reading lists                        13  (1)
        Using library catalogues                   14  (2)
        Using library websites to search           16  (1)
        electronic resources
        Reading methods                            16  (2)
        Titles, sub-titles and text features       18  (1)
        Assessing texts critically                 19  (3)
        Critical thinking                          22  (3)
      1.3 Avoiding plagiarism                      25  (5)
        What is plagiarism?                        25  (1)
        Degrees of plagiarism                      26  (1)
        Summarising and paraphrasing               27  (3)
      1.4 From understanding titles to planning    30  (7)
        The planning process                       30  (1)
        Essay titles                               31  (1)
        Brainstorming                              31  (2)
        Essay length                               33  (1)
        Outlines                                   34  (3)
      1.5 Finding key points and note-making       37  (7)
        Note-making                                37  (1)
        Note-making methods                        38  (2)
        Relevance                                  40  (1)
        Effective note-making                      41  (3)
      1.6 Paraphrasing                             44  (7)
        The elements of effective paraphrasing     44  (2)
        Techniques for paraphrasing                46  (5)
      1.7 Summarising                              51  (7)
        Summarising                                51  (1)
        Stages of summarising                      52  (6)
      1.8 References and quotations                58  (9)
        Referring to sources                       58  (1)
        Reference verbs and systems                59  (1)
        Using quotations                           60  (1)
        Examples                                   61  (2)
        Abbreviations in citations                 63  (1)
        Organising the list of references          64  (3)
      1.9 Combining sources                        67  (4)
        Mentioning sources                         67  (4)
      1.10 Organising paragraphs                   71  (7)
        Do paragraphs have a pattern?              71  (3)
        Development of ideas                       74  (1)
        Linking paragraphs together                75  (3)
      1.11 Introductions and conclusions           78  (8)
        Introduction contents                      78  (2)
        Introduction structure                     80  (1)
        Opening sentences                          81  (2)
        Conclusions                                83  (3)
      1.12 Rewriting and proof-reading             86  (9)
        Rewriting                                  86  (3)
        Proof-reading                              89  (2)
        Confusing pairs                            91  (4)
    Part 2 Elements of writing                     95  (72)
      2.1 Argument and discussion                  97  (7)
        Discussion vocabulary                      97  (1)
        Organisation                               98  (2)
        Language of discussion                     100 (1)
        Counter-arguments                          101 (1)
        Providing evidence                         101 (3)
      2.2 Cause and effect                         104 (6)
        The language of cause and effect           104 (6)
      2.3 Cohesion                                 110 (5)
        Reference language                         110 (2)
        Avoiding confusion                         112 (3)
      2.4 Comparisons                              115 (7)
        Comparison structures                      115 (2)
        Forms of comparison                        117 (1)
        Using superlatives                         118 (4)
      2.5 Definitions                              122 (4)
        Simple definitions                         122 (2)
        Complex definitions                        124 (2)
      2.6 Examples                                 126 (4)
        Using examples                             126 (1)
        Phrases to introduce examples              127 (2)
        Restatement                                129 (1)
      2.7 Generalisations                          130 (6)
        Using generalisations                      130 (1)
        Structure                                  131 (1)
        Over-generalising                          132 (2)
        Building on generalisations                134 (2)
      2.8 Numbers                                  136 (6)
        The language of numbers                    136 (1)
        Percentages                                137 (1)
        Simplification                             138 (4)
      2.9 Problems and solutions                   142 (5)
        Structure                                  142 (1)
        Alternative structure                      143 (2)
        Vocabulary                                 145 (2)
      2.10 Style                                   147 (7)
        A suitable academic style                  147 (2)
        Guidelines                                 149 (2)
        Avoiding repetition and redundancy         151 (1)
        Varying sentence length                    152 (2)
      2.11 Visual information                      154 (8)
        The language of change                     154 (4)
        Describing visuals                         158 (2)
        Labelling                                  160 (2)
      2.12 Working in groups                       162 (5)
        Group work                                 162 (2)
        Making group work successful               164 (1)
        Dealing with problems                      165 (1)
        Points to remember                         166 (1)
    Part 3 Accuracy in writing                     167 (74)
      3.1 Abbreviations                            169 (4)
        Types of abbreviation                      169 (1)
        Business abbreviations                     170 (1)
        Punctuation                                171 (1)
        Duplicate abbreviations                    171 (1)
        Abbreviations in writing                   171 (2)
      3.2 Academic vocabulary                      173 (4)
        Basic academic vocabulary                  173 (2)
        Academic adjectives                        175 (2)
      3.3 Articles                                 177 (4)
        Using articles                             177 (1)
        Use of definite articles                   178 (3)
      3.4 Caution                                  181 (4)
        The use of caution                         181 (1)
        Using modals, adverbs and verbs            182 (1)
        Caution in verbs                           183 (2)
      3.5 Linkers                                  185 (5)
        Identifying linkers                        185 (3)
        Linkers of opposition                      188 (2)
      3.6 Nouns and adjectives                     190 (5)
        Using nouns and adjectives                 190 (3)
        Abstract nouns                             193 (2)
      3.7 Prefixes and suffixes                    195 (5)
        How prefixes and suffixes work             195 (1)
        Prefixes                                   196 (1)
        Suffixes                                   197 (1)
        Word class suffixes                        197 (1)
        Meaning suffixes                           198 (2)
      3.8 Prepositions                             200 (5)
        The main uses of prepositions              200 (5)
      3.9 Punctuation                              205 (5)
        Capitals                                   205 (1)
        Apostrophes                                206 (1)
        Semi-colons                                206 (1)
        Colons                                     206 (1)
        Quotation marks/inverted commas            207 (1)
        Others                                     208 (2)
      3.10 Singular or plural?                     210 (5)
        Five problem areas                         210 (1)
        Group phrases                              211 (1)
        Uncountable nouns                          212 (3)
      3.11 Synonyms                                215 (5)
        Using synonyms                             215 (2)
        Common academic synonyms                   217 (3)
      3.12 Time words                              220 (5)
        Using time words                           220 (1)
        Time words and tenses                      221 (4)
      3.13 Verbs - passives                        225 (5)
        Active and passive                         225 (1)
        Using adverbs                              226 (4)
      3.14 Verbs of reference                      230 (5)
        Using verbs of reference                   230 (1)
        Common referring verbs                     231 (2)
        Further verbs of reference                 233 (2)
      3.15 Verbs - tenses                          235 (6)
        Tenses in academic writing                 235 (2)
        Simple or continuous?                      237 (1)
        Time phrases                               238 (3)
    Part 4 Writing models                          241 (30)
      4.1 Formal letters and emails                243 (6)
        Letters                                    243 (4)
        Emails                                     247 (2)
      4.2 Writing CVs                              249 (3)
        The contents of a CV                       249 (3)
      4.3 Designing and reporting surveys          252 (6)
        Conducting surveys                         252 (1)
        Questionnaire design                       253 (5)
      4.4 Taking ideas from sources                258 (4)
        Can money buy happiness?                   258 (4)
      4.5 Writing longer essays                    262 (9)
        Planning your work                         262 (9)
    Part 5 Answers to exercises                    271 (44)
      Academic writing quiz                        272 (1)
      Part 1                                       272 (15)
      Part 2                                       287 (10)
      Part 3                                       297 (13)
      Part 4                                       310 (5)
Index                                              315